Masih ad Dajjal and the End Times

Masih ad Dajjal is part of the grand test that Allah (Subḥānahu wa Taʿālā) arranges in the ways He wishes. He creates the field of this test by connecting one creation with another. Man’s presence on Earth is for this very test. Allah (the Mighty and Majestic) says in the Quran:

ٱلَّذِى خَلَقَ ٱلْمَوْتَ وَٱلْحَيَوٰةَ لِيَبْلُوَكُمْ أَيُّكُمْ أَحْسَنُ عَمَلًا ۚ وَهُوَ ٱلْعَزِيزُ ٱلْغَفُورُ
“[He] Who created death and life to test you [as to] which of you is best in deed – and He is the Exalted in Might, the Forgiving.”
(Quran, Al-Mulk 67:2)

He has fashioned this testing ground with many entities to distinguish the followers of Allah (God) from the transgressors. Among these, one of the most significant is Shaytan, who belongs to the Jinn race. Their abilities differ from those of humans. Allah warns us about Shaytan. When humans stray far from Allah, Shaytan can exert influence over them.

Allah warns us about Shaytan:

إِنَّ ٱلشَّيْطَٰنَ لَكُمْ عَدُوٌّ فَٱتَّخِذُوهُ عَدُوًّا ۚ إِنَّمَا يَدْعُوا۟ حِزْبَهُۥ لِيَكُونُوا۟ مِنْ أَصْحَٰبِ ٱلسَّعِيرِ
“Indeed, Satan is an enemy to you; so take him as an enemy. He only invites his party to be among the companions of the Blaze.”

(Quran, Fatir 35:6)

Shaytan can make wrongdoing appear righteous in people’s eyes. In this way, he gradually misleads people and makes them part of his faction, resulting in Hellfire for both. But when a person follows Allah’s commands and seeks refuge in Allah from Shaytan in all matters, Allah keeps them steadfast on the right path. In this test, Shaytan is defeated, and the person attains Jannah (Paradise).

Among the elements of this test, the most terrifying trial from the time of creation until the Day of Qiyamah (Resurrection) is the Masih ad Dajjal. All prophets have warned their respective communities (Ummahs) about him. Though the dajjal in Quran is not named directly, his falsehood and deception are clearly referenced through warnings about false messengers and trials.

Who is Masih ad-Dajjal?

Masih ad-Dajjal (ٱلْمَسِيحُ ٱلدَّجَّالُ) is composed of two words. The first word, Masih, is derived from the Arabic masaha (مَسَحَ), which can imply “blessed” or “anointed.” The word Dajjal means “deceiver” or “impostor.” Together, Masih ad-Dajjal means “the anointed deceiver” or “the false messiah.”

Essentially, the Dajjal will be blessed by Shaytan. At that time, Allah will grant Shaytan (or the Dajjal acting under Shaytan’s influence) such powers that, in the entire history of creation, were only in the hands of angels – such as causing rain to fall from the sky, producing crops, etc. Shaytan will then use this power to send his representative to the world, who will deceive people, initially claiming to be a prophet and later a god, thereby making people his followers. So, the matter of Masih ad-Dajjal essentially involves two aspects:

• Shaytan in the form of Dajjal, i.e., Shaytan’s power to deceive.
• Shaytan deceiving people through his human representative, Masih ad-Dajjal.

What are the Characteristics of Masih ad-Dajjal?

Narrated ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him – RA):
Allah’s Messenger (PBUH) said,
“While I was sleeping, I saw myself performing Tawaf (circumambulation) of the Ka’ba. I saw a man with straight hair between two men, water dripping from his head. I asked, ‘Who is this?’ They said, ‘The son of Maryam (Mary).’ Then I turned and saw a ruddy-complexioned, fat man with curly hair, blind in the right eye, which looked like a floating grape. I asked, ‘Who is this?’ They said, ‘This is the Dajjal.’ The person who most resembled him was Ibn Qatan.”
Ibn Qatan was a man from the Khuza’a tribe of Banu Mustaliq.
[Sahih al-Bukhari (Tawhid Publication), Hadith No. 7026]

Narrated Ibn ‘Umar (RA):
The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) mentioned the Dajjal among the people and said,
“Allah is not one-eyed. Listen! The Dajjal will be blind in the right eye, and his eye will be like a bulging grape.”
[Sahih Muslim (Islamic Foundation), Hadith No. 7095]

Narrated Nawas ibn Sam’an (RA):
The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said:
“The Dajjal will be a young man with very curly hair, and his eye will be like a bulging grape. I liken him to ‘Abd al-‘Uzza ibn Qatan.”
[Sahih Muslim (Islamic Foundation), Hadith No. 7106]

Narrated ‘Ubada ibn as-Samit (RA):
The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said:
“I have told you so much about the Dajjal that I fear you may not recognize him. (Know that!) Masih ad-Dajjal will be short, his gait will be with legs far apart (bow-legged), his hair will be curly, and he will be one-eyed. His eye will be flat, neither protruding nor sunken. If you are still in doubt, then know that your Lord is not one-eyed.”
[Sunan Abu Dawud (Islamic Foundation), Hadith No. 4269]

Narrated Abu Hurayrah (RA):
The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said:
“The false messiah – he will be one-eyed, will have a wide forehead and a broad upper chest. He will be somewhat stooped (hunchbacked).”
[Musnad Ahmad, Hadith No. 7564]

Narrated Hudhayfah (RA):
The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said:
“The Dajjal will be blind in the left eye. He will have thick hair.”
[Sahih Muslim (Islamic Foundation), Hadith No. 7100]

Narrated Anas (RA):
The Prophet (PBUH) said:
“No prophet was sent but that he warned his Ummah (community) about this one-eyed liar. Behold, he is one-eyed, and your Lord is not one-eyed. And between his two eyes will be written the word ‘Kafir’ (كَافِرٌ).”
[Sahih al-Bukhari (Islamic Foundation), Hadith No. 6646]

The Dajjal will have no children, as narrated in the Hadith of Abu Sa’id al-Khudri (RA), who described what happened between him and Ibn Sayyad, who said to him:
“Did you not hear the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) say that he will have no children? …”
Abu Sa’id said, ‘I said, yes …’
[Sahih Muslim (Islamic Foundation), Hadith No. 7084]

Masih ad-Dajjal will be an individual from the children of Adam, empowered by Shaytan. To warn about him, the Messenger of Allah (Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him – PBUH) described his features in detail so that believers (Iman-holders) could recognize him and not be deceived by him.

He will be a young man, with a reddish-white complexion and short stature. With thick, curly hair and a wide forehead, his appearance will be distinctive. This physical description has been clearly outlined in authentic narrations. . His upper chest will be broad. His right eye will be defective, like a floating grape. Between his two eyes, it will be marked that he is a Kafir (disbeliever) – which every literate and illiterate person who believes in Allah will be able to understand. He will be sterile; he will have no offspring.

Hadiths Describing the Characteristics of Masih ad-Dajjal

From the Hadiths mentioned earlier, it is noted that most narrations state Masih ad-Dajjal’s right eye will be blind or defective, while some narrations mention his left eye being blind or defective. Both types of narrations are authentic (Sahih). Some scholars have reconciled these differences. Qadi ‘Iyad said:
“Both of the Dajjal’s eyes will be defective. His right eye will be effaced (ممسوحة – mamsooha) and dull, unable to see, as mentioned in the Hadith of Ibn ‘Umar. And his left eye will be covered by a thick fold of skin, and it will also be defective.”

Therefore, both his left and right eyes will have defects. The Arabic word used in Hadith (أَعْوَرٌ – a’war) describes anything defective, especially a weak or non-functional eye. In short, one of his eyes will be non-functional, and the other will be defective.

From Where Will Masih ad-Dajjal Emerge?

The exact origin of Masih ad-Dajjal is described in various Hadiths and historical interpretations, though no direct Quranic verse specifies his place of emergence. The Quran generally speaks about trials and the end times without pinpointing specific locations.

The Dajjal will emerge from among the Jews, with most of his followers being Jews. Hadiths mention the city of Isfahan—a populous Jewish city in present-day Iran (formerly part of Khorasan), located east of Makkah—as connected to his emergence.

In a long Hadith narrated by the companion Fatimah bint Qays (RA), the Prophet (PBUH) said about the Dajjal’s location:
“He is not in the Syrian Sea (Mediterranean) or the Yemeni Sea (Arabian Sea), but rather he is in the East, he is in the East, he is in the East.”
He pointed with his hand towards the East.
[Sahih Muslim, Book 41, Hadith 7028]

Reconciling these narrations, it can be understood that the exact place of his manifestation is not precisely specified, but his emergence will have a connection with Isfahan in Iran and the Jewish people.

Historically, Isfahan has been home to a Jewish community since ancient times. From 727 BCE, Assyrian and Babylonian kings captured Jews from Jerusalem and brought them to Isfahan as slaves. Over time, they assimilated into Persian civilization and culture.

In 1948, the Jewish population in Iran was approximately 150,000. After the formation of the state of Israel, many Jews from Isfahan and other parts of Iran migrated to Israel, causing a decline in Iran’s Jewish population. Today, about 250,000 Iranian Jews live in Israel, while only around 8,500 remain in Iran.

In modern contexts, “Jewish” is often associated with Israel. Additionally, Hadiths mention that the Dajjal will be killed in the city of Lod, an important city within Israel.

The world is in its final era. Nearly all the minor signs of Qiyamah (Day of Resurrection) narrated by the Prophet (PBUH) have appeared. Gradually, the major signs will begin to manifest, one of which is the emergence of the Dajjal. Considering the current context, it is likely that he will appear from the Jewish state of Israel, specifically among the Isfahani Jews living there. The Jews of that country will be his primary followers.

The Era of Dajjal

(Details about the 40 days are from Hadith.) In Hadith, the Dajjal’s stay on Earth is specified as 40 days. But initially, 1 day will not be like 1 human day; rather, it will be as long as a year. The next 1 day will be as long as a month in human calculation, and the following 1 day will be as long as a week. The remaining days will be according to human calculation.

[Sahih Muslim, Book 41, Hadith 7015]

To explain the length of the initial period, the Prophet (PBUH) spoke of calculating Salah (prayers) for that one day not according to human calculation of 1 day, but according to its actual length. That is, if that one day of the Dajjal is equal to 50 human years, then Salah must be calculated for those 50 years.

In the process of Masih ad-Dajjal’s appearance, the imprisoned Shaytan-Dajjal will first be released. He will then come to the Earth. His stay on Earth will be for many long years. Gradually, this period will shorten, and at some point, he will anoint his human representative and manifest him on Earth. After this Masih ad-Dajjal appears on Earth, the remaining days will be according to Earth’s calculation.The Trials (Fitna) of Dajjal

From the creation of Adam (peace be upon him – AS) until Qiyamah, the Fitna (trial, tribulation) of the Dajjal will be the greatest Fitna. This is because he will be granted miracles that will astound people. The Quran warns about severe trials:

أَحَسِبَ ٱلنَّاسُ أَن يُتْرَكُوٓا۟ أَن يَقُولُوٓا۟ ءَامَنَّا وَهُمْ لَا يُفْتَنُونَ
“Do people think that they will be left alone because they say, ‘We believe,’ and will not be tested?”
— (Quran, Al-‘Ankabut 29:2)

He will possess both a Jannah (paradise) and a Jahannam (hellfire), but his Jannah will actually be Hell, and his Jahannam will be a part of Paradise in reality. Among his wonders:

• Rivers full of water and mountains of bread.
• Commanding the sky to rain, and it will rain.
• Commanding the earth to produce fruits, vegetables, and crops, and it will obey.
• Treasures of the earth will follow him.
• Traveling rapidly from one place to another, like clouds driven by the wind.
• Performing other miraculous and astonishing deeds.

All of this is mentioned in authentic Hadiths, as cited below.

Authentic Hadiths about the Trials of Dajjal

Narrated Abu Umamah al-Bahili (RA):
The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said about the Dajjal: “Another of the Dajjal’s tribulations is that he will say to a Bedouin, ‘If I can bring your parents back to life before you, will you testify that I am indeed your Lord?’ He will say, ‘Yes.’ Then (at the Dajjal’s command) two devils will appear in the form of his parents and say, ‘O son! Obey him. He is your Lord.'”
— [Sunan Ibn Majah, Hadith No. 7/4077]

Narrated Hudhayfah (RA):
The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said: “The Dajjal will have with him Jannah and Jahannam. (In reality) his Jahannam will be Jannah, and his Jannah will be Jahannam.”
— [Sahih Muslim (Islamic Foundation), Hadith No. 7100]

Narrated Hudhayfah (RA):
The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said: “I know for sure what the Dajjal will have with him. He will have two flowing rivers. One will appear as white water, and the other will appear as blazing fire. If anyone gets a chance, let him enter the river that appears to be fire, close his eyes, bow his head, and drink from it. It will be cool water.”
— [Sahih Muslim (Islamic Foundation), Hadith No. 7101]

Regarding the duration of Dajjal’s stay on Earth:
Narrated Nawas ibn Sam’an (RA), the Companions asked: “O Messenger of Allah (PBUH)! How long will he stay on Earth?”
The Prophet (PBUH) replied:
“Forty days…”
(Details of his speed, control over rain and vegetation, and the trial of the youth are described in this Hadith.)
— [Sahih Muslim (Islamic Foundation), Hadith No. 7106]

Narrated Abu Sa’id al-Khudri (RA):
One day, the Prophet (PBUH) narrated a long Hadith about the Dajjal, including how the Dajjal kills a believer and then revives him.
— [Sahih al-Bukhari (Islamic Foundation), Hadith No. 6647]

Protection from the Fitna of Dajjal

The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) taught his Ummah all necessary matters to protect them from the false Messiah (Masih ad-Dajjal). He left his Ummah on a clear path. Allah says:

ٱلْيَوْمَ أَكْمَلْتُ لَكُمْ دِينَكُمْ وَأَتْمَمْتُ عَلَيْكُمْ نِعْمَتِى وَرَضِيتُ لَكُمُ ٱلْإِسْلَٰمَ دِينًا “This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion.”

(Quran, Al-Ma’idah 5:3) 

None but the disobedient and doomed deviate from that path. There is no good thing that he did not guide towards, nor any evil thing that he did not warn against. Among the matters he warned about, one of the greatest is the Fitna of Dajjal. Before Qiyamah, this is the biggest Fitna that this Ummah will inevitably face. Every prophet warned his Ummah against the one-eyed Dajjal. But Muhammad (PBUH) is the only prophet who warned his Ummah more extensively. To warn the Ummah, Allah told him about many characteristics of the Dajjal because, being the last prophet, the Dajjal will undoubtedly appear among this Ummah.

The Prophet’s (PBUH) Guidelines to Protect Oneself from the Fitna of Dajjal:

Adhering to Islam. Maintaining correct belief (Tawhid – Oneness of Allah) and understanding Allah’s Names and Attributes, which cannot belong to anyone other than Allah. Allah is Unique, as He states:

قُلْ هُوَ ٱللَّهُ أَحَدٌ ٱللَّهُ ٱلصَّمَدُ لَمْ يَلِدْ وَلَمْ يُولَدْ وَلَمْ يَكُن لَّهُۥ كُفُوًا أَحَدٌۢ

“Say, ‘He is Allah, [who is] One. Allah, the Eternal Refuge. He neither begets nor is born, Nor is there to Him any equivalent.'”

(Quran, Al-Ikhlas 112:1-4)

The Dajjal will be a human who eats and drinks, from which Allah is far above. No one will see their Lord in this worldly life. Allah says:

لَّا تُدْرِكُهُ ٱلْأَبْصَٰرُ وَهُوَ يُدْرِكُ ٱلْأَبْصَٰرَ ۖ وَهُوَ ٱللَّطِيفُ ٱلْخَبِيرُ

“Vision perceives Him not, but He perceives [all] vision; and He is the Subtle, the Acquainted.”

(Quran, Al-An’am 6:103)

But when the Dajjal appears, all people, whether believers or disbelievers, will see him.  

Seeking refuge in Allah from the Fitna of Dajjal. Especially in Salah (prayer). In an authentic Hadith narrated from Ummul Mu’minin Aishah (RA), the Messenger (PBUH) said to recite this supplication after the Tashahhud in the final sitting of prayer:

اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ عَذَابِ جَهَنَّمَ وَمِنْ عَذَابِ الْقَبْرِ وَمِنْ فِتْنَةِ الْمَحْيَا وَالْمَمَاتِ وَمِنْ شَرِّ فِتْنَةِ الْمَسِيحِ الدَّجَّالِ “Allahumma inni a’udhu bika min ‘adhabi jahannam, wa min ‘adhabil-qabr, wa min fitnatil-mahya wal-mamat, wa min sharri fitnatil-masihid-dajjal.” (Meaning: O Allah! I seek refuge in You from the punishment of Hellfire and from the punishment of the grave, and from the trials of life and death, and from the evil of the trial of Masih ad-Dajjal.)

[Sahih Muslim, Book 4, Hadith 1221; Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 23, Hadith 458]  

Memorizing verses from Surah Al-Kahf. To be protected from the Fitna of Dajjal, the Messenger (PBUH) advised memorizing the first 10 verses of Surah Al-Kahf. Some other narrations mention the last verses. Allah says at the beginning of Surah Al-Kahf:

ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ ٱلَّذِىٓ أَنزَلَ عَلَىٰ عَبْدِهِ ٱلْكِتَٰبَ وَلَمْ يَجْعَل لَّهُۥ عِوَجَاۜ قَيِّمًا لِّيُنذِرَ بَأْسًا شَدِيدًا مِّن لَّدُنْهُ وَيُبَشِّرَ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ ٱلَّذِينَ يَعْمَلُونَ ٱلصَّٰلِحَٰتِ أَنَّ لَهُمْ أَجْرًا حَسَنًا مَّاكِثِينَ فِيهِ أَبَدًا

“[All] praise is [due] to Allah, who has sent down upon His Servant the Book and has not made therein any deviance. [He has made it] straight, to warn of severe punishment from Him and to give good tidings to the believers who do righteous deeds that they will have a good reward. They will abide therein forever.”

(Quran, Al-Kahf 18:1-3)

Among the Hadiths narrated on this matter is the long Hadith of Nawas ibn Sam’an (RA) in Sahih Muslim, which states:

“…Whoever among you reaches the time of Dajjal should recite the opening verses of Surah Al-Kahf.” [Sahih Muslim (Islamic Foundation), Hadith No. 7106]

In Sahih Muslim, Abu Darda (RA) narrated that the Messenger (PBUH) said:

“Whoever memorizes the first ten verses of Surah Al-Kahf will be protected from the Fitna of Dajjal.” [Sahih Muslim (Islamic Foundation), Hadith No. 1766]

Imam Nawawi (may Allah have mercy on him) said: The reason for this is that at the beginning of this Surah, there are descriptions of wonders and signs of Allah. Anyone who reflects on these will not be deceived by the Fitna of Dajjal. And at the end of this Surah, Allah says:

أَفَحَسِبَ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوٓا۟ أَن يَتَّخِذُوا۟ عِبَادِى مِن دُونِىٓ أَوْلِيَآءَ ۚ إِنَّآ أَعْتَدْنَا جَهَنَّمَ لِلْكَٰفِرِينَ نُزُلًا

“Then do those who disbelieve think that they can take My servants instead of Me as allies? Indeed, We have prepared Hell for the disbelievers as a an entertainment.”

(Quran, Al-Kahf 18:102)

This is a special characteristic of Surah Al-Kahf. Other Hadiths encourage reading this Surah, especially on Fridays. Abu Sa’id al-Khudri (RA) narrated that the Prophet (PBUH) said:

“Whoever reads Surah Al-Kahf on Friday, his (iman’s) light will shine from this Friday to the next Friday.” [Al-Mustadrak ala al-Sahihayn, Al-Hakim, Hadith No. 3392 – Sahih]

Every Muslim should read this Surah. Also, memorize it and recite it repeatedly, especially on Friday, the best day of the week.  

Fleeing from the Dajjal and staying away from him. It is best to live in places where the Dajjal cannot enter, such as Makkah and Madinah. The Prophet (PBUH) said that Dajjal would not be able to enter Makkah or Madinah. [Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 30, Hadith 105]

When the Dajjal appears, believers should stay away from him. Because Allah will give him miracles to test mankind, with which he will create confusion. Imran ibn Husayn (RA) narrated that the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said:

“Whoever hears news of the Dajjal, let him stay away from him. By Allah! A person will go to him thinking himself a believer, but he will become a follower of the Dajjal, falling into the smokescreen of his miracles.”

[Sunan Abu Dawud (Islamic Foundation), Hadith No. 4273 – Sahih]

The Destruction of Dajjal

The false messiah, Dajjal, will be killed by the true Messiah, ‘Isa ibn Maryam (Jesus, son of Mary, peace be upon him – AS). The Quran mentions the status of ‘Isa (AS) and alludes to his return, which is detailed in Hadith:

وَإِنَّهُۥ لَعِلْمٌ لِّلسَّاعَةِ فَلَا تَمْتَرُنَّ بِهَا وَٱتَّبِعُونِ ۚ هَٰذَا صِرَٰطٌ مُّسْتَقِيمٌ

“And indeed, he [`Isa (Jesus)] is a sign for the Hour [of Resurrection], so have no doubt about it and follow Me. This is a straight path.”

(Quran, Az-Zukhruf 43:61)

The Dajjal will appear on Earth and gather numerous followers. His Fitna will continue to increase day by day. None except true believers will be safe from his Fitna.

At this time, ‘Isa ibn Maryam (AS) will descend upon the white minaret in the eastern part of Damascus, Syria, and the believing servants of Allah will gather around him. He will lead them towards the Dajjal. The Dajjal will then be heading towards Bayt al-Maqdis (Jerusalem). ‘Isa (AS) will catch him at the gate of Lod (اللد – a city in Israel) near Bayt al-Maqdis. As soon as the Dajjal sees ‘Isa (AS), he will begin to melt like salt in water. That is, the Shaytans who are the source of his power and strength will abandon him and flee. Then ‘Isa (AS) will say: “I have a score to settle with you, from which there is no escape.” He will catch him and kill him. At that moment, his followers will abandon him and flee, but the Muslims will pursue and kill them.

Hadiths Related to the Death of Dajjal:

Narrated ‘Abdullah ibn ‘Amr (RA): The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said:

“The Dajjal will appear among my Ummah and will remain for forty. I do not know if it is forty days, forty months, or forty years. At that time, Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, will send ‘Isa ibn Maryam (AS). He will search for the Dajjal and destroy him.”

[Sahih Muslim (Islamic Foundation), Hadith No. 7114]

Narrated Mujamma’ ibn Jariya al-Ansari (RA): I heard the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) say:

“‘Isa ibn Maryam (AS) will kill the Dajjal at the gate of Lod (currently in Israel).”

[Sunan At-Tirmidhi (Islamic Foundation), Hadith No. 2247 – Sahih]

Imam Ahmad (may Allah have mercy on him) narrated that Jabir ibn ‘Abdullah (RA) said from the Messenger of Allah (PBUH): ‘The Dajjal will emerge at a time when religious commitment among people is weak and knowledge has diminished… Then ‘Isa ibn Maryam (AS) will descend before dawn and will call out to the people, saying, ‘O people, what prevents you from coming out against this lying devil?’ They will say, ‘This man is a Jinn.’ Then the time for Salah will come, the Iqamah (call to commence prayer) will be given, and it will be said to him, ‘O Spirit of Allah, come forward (to lead the prayer).’ He will say, ‘Let your Imam come forward and lead you in prayer.’ Then after they complete the Salah, they will go out to catch the Dajjal, and when they see the Dajjal, he will begin to melt like salt in water. ‘Isa (AS) will go to him and kill him. At that time, even trees and stones will call out, ‘O Spirit of Allah, here is a Jew!’ All those who followed him will be killed; none will remain.

[Musnad Ahmad, Hadith No. 14426 – Sound chain of narration]

Related Article:

• Yajuj and Majuj Two Mighty Peoples of the End Times
• Turning Back to Allah: What Does Allah Really Expect From Us?

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MD. Sujon Ahmed